نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• احد نژادابراهیمی ¹
• مینو قره‌بگلو ²
• امیرحسین فرشچیان ³

¹ دانشیار گروه معماری دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز

² دانشیار گروه معماری دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز.

³ دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی معماری‌اسلامی دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه ﻫﻨﺮ‌ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ تبریز

چکیده

هنر و معماری‌اسلامی حاکی از جایگاه و کاربست علمی و حِکمی هندسه است. آموزش هندسه از جانب نظر و عمل به معماران توسط حاکمان و ریاضی‌دانان اسلامی انجام ‌شده است. مهم‌ترین هدف، استفاده صحیح براساس اصول معرفتی و حکمی، جهت شناخت حقیقت است که با اتصال و آموزش آن با حرف و صناعات، هنر و معماری را دارای جهت و طریق معرفتی و علمی نموده‌است. موضوع اساسی افتراق شدید بین متخصصین ریاضی و همچنین گسست فراوان با حکمت و فلسفه اسلامی در معماری و هنر در دوره کنونی است که لطمات شدیدی بر ارکان معماری وارد نموده است. شناخت هندسه از جانب اساسی هنر و معماری‌اسلامی و طریقه کاربست آن اهمیت نگارش را نشان می‌دهد. روش تحقیق به‌صورت قیاسی در خصوص تحلیل منابع ریاضیات و هندسه عالمان و ریاضی‌دانان اسلامی جهت رسیدن به نتیجه و زمینه‌گرایی در بحث بستر فکری حکمی دوره چهارم الی یازدهم هجری می‌باشد. یافته اساسی این نگارش حضور فلسفه و حکمت نظری و عملی از جانب فرد صاحب حکمت در ارتباط با ریاضی‌دانان اسلامی است که در بررسی علمی و معرفتی هندسه در بعد نظری و عملی جهت هندسه‌مند شدن هنر و معماری‌اسلامی است. از این رو حکمت به واسطه هندسه در هنر اسلامی براساس مبانی جهان شناختی عالم مثال به سوی حقیقت متافیزیکی خود سوق داده می شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• حکمت
• ریاضی‌دانان اسلامی
• هندسه
• معماری‌اسلامی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of architectural geometry by Islamic mathematicians. The period under study of the fourth to eleventh centuries AH

نویسندگان [English]

• Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi ¹
• Minou GharehBaglou ²
• amirhossein farshchian ³

¹ Associate Professor of Architecture in Departman of Architecture & Urbanism in Tabriz Islamic Art University.

² Associate Professor of Architecture in Departman of Architecture & Urbanism in Tabriz Islamic Art University.

³ PhD student of Islamic architecture in Tabriz Islamic Art University.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
In Islamic architecture, the architect must be face all the issues in architectural design. Create quantitative & qualitative issues by observing the principles & rules of the process. The architect must create the architectural structure with geometry through art & based on theoretical reason. Architecture has numerical & theoretical dimensions, because it is for the human being as a thinking being, it has qualitative dimensions. The architect must pay attention to the quantitative & qualitative dimensions in creating the architectural building. Traditional Iranian architecture has quality dimensions that include the wisdom of philosophers & Islamic thinkers of Iran. These topics are combined with the basics of other topics to work. Islamic architecture is called Islamic because it combines with the principles of Islamic wisdom & philosophy in uses it. In order to underst& Islamic architecture, wisdom must be examined in the process of creating an architectural building. The truth of the function of wisdom in the process of creating an architectural structure is an important issue. Wisdom in the science of architectural geometry can mean Coded truths that include the Coded structure of architecture. The Coded truths in Islamic philosophy are the same as the divine truths. God provides knowledge of divine truths to thoughtful & knowledgeable human beings who seek the truths of the universe. Thoughtful human beings become aware of the divine truths of God to the extent of the power of their intellect & perception. Islamic architecture in the l& of Iran has always used the principles & subjects of geometry in external & internal science. The use of geometry is superficial in maps & decorations & inwardly it is an architectural building in general form & body. The geometry used in the Islamic architecture of Iran has been done by Islamic thinkers, mathematicians & Scientists. Geometry in architecture increases the strength of the architecture & its beauty. Geometry has used wisdom in creating the beauty & function of an architectural building. An architectural structure is successful when human beings can meet their biological & spiritual needs through it. A skilled & professional architect can use all external & internal issues in creating an architectural building with wisdom. Geometry must also consider beauty in creating an architectural building through wisdom. Knowledge of geometry & wisdom is very important in creating an architectural building. Architecture as a traditional profession needs wisdom in geometry. In this article, the subject of geometry has been studied & analyzed from a scientific & artistic point of view. Also in this article, the subject of wisdom in geometry in creating an architectural building has been studied. Wisdom in this article is in the form of theoretical wisdom & practical wisdom. The point is, how does mathematics in geometry combine with artistic & aesthetic subjects? & How to create architecture using wisdom? In the present age there is no connection between the subjects of mathematics which are used rationally & the subject of wisdom. This is also seen in the science & art of architecture today. In the past architecture of Iran, there was a deep connection between mathematics & wisdom. In the past architecture of Iran, the connection between wisdom & mathematics in creating geometry has made the architecture of beautifuly & also its proper functionaly. In the science of wisdom, geometry has a meaning in the form of a code & this code has external & internal meanings & truths. The facts in the codes are not normally recognizable by human beings. The code of geometry is in the structure of the universe & has divine truth. Geometry in this world has a trend towards beauty. Wisdom in science belongs to Islamic philosophy. The meaning of wisdom in Islamic philosophy is knowledge & awareness that has been created through reasoning. Argument arises through deep thought in the human mind.
Methouds & Material
In this research, the views of Islamic mathematicians in the form of mathematics & wisdom have been studied. Islamic mathematicians include the following.Mohamad Bouzajani; Abu Nasr Farabi; Ibn Sina, Akhavan Al-Safa & Jamshid Kashani. The subject of the research method is to obtain geometry & wisdom from the perspective of mathematics. How to transfer geometry from visual and numerical dimensions to the practical world has been analyzed in this method. The success of riddles in the past must be examined in terms of wisdom and geometry. The research method of writing in mathematics and numerical subjects is deductive. The Grounded theory method has also been used in dealing with historical situations.
Result & Discussion
In Islamic architecture, geometry has been associated with wisdom. Wisdom in geometry has created a beautiful and functional architectural space and decorations. Geometry in the wisdom of Islamic architecture has a sacred place & has hidden secrets. Wisdom & geometry in architectural building, in addition to creating decorative roles in a general & specific way, has led to the recognition of the divine truth in the hidden layers of architectural construction. Accordingly, geometry in Islamic architecture has caused the symbolic identification of the truth of existence and the display of the hidden world. The geometry inside the architectural building is like a code that must be known. In Iranian Islamic architecture, geometry has been used to be aware of divine knowledge as well as to reveal the hidden truths of the divine world in the external world. Geometry has used wisdom for this issue.
Conclusion
Geometry is hidden in Islamic architecture as a mystery & truth. Geometry in its process shows real tangible subjects along with hidden subjects. Geometry creates awareness of the external & internal codes contained in the architectural building. The geometry of the codes in creating the architectural building in which wisdom plays a role can be identified & informed. In addition to a few topics in Islamic architecture, geometry deals with many qualitative issues. Theoretical wisdom & practical wisdom in understanding the science of geometry can in fact distinguish the outer world and the inner world. Geometry causes the objects that exist in the world of imagination and mentality to become a visible world & human beings can see it with their physical eyes. Geometry creates a logical connection between the external world & the internal world. This logical connection creates a balance between the worlds. Using the balance of geometry, he can distinguish the facts of existence. Geometry in Islamic architecture makes quantities & qualities conscious to man externally & inwardly.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Wisdom
• Islamic mathematicians
• The geometry
• Islamic Architecture