Document Type : Biannual Journal

Authors

1 M.A in Ethics, University of Qom, correspond authr

2 Academic member/Imam Khomeini International University

Abstract

Abstract
Practical reason/wisdom or phronesis, from Aristotle until Hume, meant virtuous action, in accordance with intellectual goods. Emphasizing on the role that our desires, motives and our passions, play in our ethical decisions, Hume endorsed the role of psychological factors in practical reason. Ascribing other features to practical reason, such as self-autonomy, and emphasizing on the will with more intensity, Kant presented a new definition of practical reason that posed serious challenges to Hume's views on this issue; he was struggling to eliminate the role of psychological desires and motives from the realm of moral decision. However Kant’s and his followers’ attempts to build Moral conscience, based merely on reason and will, were not so successful, and also there are some serious criticisms against Kant's purely rational interpretation of practical reason. Today, some ethical philosophers, including Philippa Foot and other new-Aristotelian, while criticizing the Kantian interpretation of practical reason by presenting a new definition of practical rationality, attempt to create a compromise between reason and other motivational elements, including intentions and motives. In this paper we discuss and examine some philosophers’ criticisms on Kant’s practical reason.

Keywords

11-Anscomb ,Elizabet.(1958) Modern Moral Philosoph .Reprinted in Anscomb,collected Philosophical papers, iii,
12- Anthony, Celano .(1999) "Medieval Theories of Practical Reason", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed).
13-Broome, John.( 1999). “Normative Requirements”. Ratio 12: 398-419.
14-Broome, John. (2002) “Practical Reasoning”. In José Bermúdez and Alan Millar (eds.), Reasonin Nature: New Essays in the Theory of Rationality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15-Broome, John. (2009) “The Unity of Reasoning?” In Simon Robertson (ed.), Spheres ofReason: New Essays in the Philosophy of Normativity. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
16-Dancy, Jonathan. (2004). Ethics without Principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
17-Foot Philippa(1978) Virtue and Vices in virtu  and vices and other essays im moral philosophy (Berkeley, California university press,
18-Foot Philippa (1958)Utilitarianism and Virtues mind , 94.
19 -Foot. Philippa ,(2001)Natural Goodness ,Oxford University Press.
20- Gerad .J Hughes,(2000) : Aristotle on Ethics;, Rutledge Philosophy Guide book, to compion  Hall,Oxford,march2000,ch5.
21- Halverson, Richard, (2002). Representing phronesis: Supporting instructional leadership practice in schools (Doctoral dissertation, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY).
22-Harman, Gilbert. (1999). Reasoning, Meaning, and Mind. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
23-Harward (2003) review of Philosophy, harward university press.
24-Korsgaard, Christine (1986) “Skepticism about Practical Reason”, Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5-25; reprinted in Korsgaard (1996): Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge, 311-334
25- Kant.Rationality as Practical Reason in The Oxford   Handbook of Rationality,ed. Alfred J. Mele and Piers Rawling, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
26- Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Richard, (1968), Aristotle: the growth and structure of his thought. Cambridge University Press
27- O’Neill onra ;(2004) Kant: Rationality as Practical Reason. Final Version
28- Prior,William .j(2001) Udaimonism and Virtues , department of philosophy santa clara .university usa,
29-Raz, Joseph. (1978).  Practical Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30-Raz, Joseph.( 1999). Practical Reason and Norms(second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31-Robert, c Roberts, and Wood, w .Jay,(2007)"Intellectual Virtues"  "An  Essay  in Regulative  Epistemology, Oxford University Press.
32- Russell, paul(2004)practical reason and motivational skepticism ,
33-Sainsbury, Mark. (2001). Logical Forms(second edition). Oxford: Blackwell.
34-Stephen Everson(ed)(1990)"Epistemology" Cambridge  University Press.
35- Streumer,Bart(2010)"practical Reasoning",Forthcoming in Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis (eds.),The Blackwell Companion to the Philosophy of Action.
36- Stump, Elenore  (2007)"Justifying faith,free will  and Atonoment" catholic university of America Press.
37-Wood, Allen W,( 1999), Kant’s Ethical Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.